Alice A 3D Graphical Programming environmet to teach algorithm Essay

Alice A 3D Graphical Programming environmet to teach algorithm development and control structures - Essay Example Graphics and visualization helps students in understanding such internals. This paper is about use of an animated graphics tool, namely Alice, to teach C++ programming. The traditional method of teaching programming is to use class room lessons (notes, presentations), in-class demonstrations and to accompany them with assignments. Most courses employ a programming language to illustrate coding, starting off with a Hello World program written using that language. Then they move to programming concepts such as control structures, abstract data types, sorting and searching algorithms etc. The use of traditional memory maps (or sketches) to illustrate the internals of a program creates a "confusing clutter of arrows and boxes on the board or projection screen" (Dann 1). The result is that while students focus on understanding the maze of memory maps, they fail to keep track of the concept of an object. (1) A more modern approach to teach programming is to use a visual method which employs computer graphics. Such visual tools would readily animate the change of state and behavior offering immediate feedback to the students about the programs they write. Alice, developed by the Carnegie Mellon University, is one such tool. Alice is an open source programming environment offering a 3D interactive graphics interface. It is primarily a scripting and prototyping tool with an object oriented (OO) flavor. Users can program Alice using drag-and-drop based interface to animate objects in a virtual world. Alice is a friendly programming environment for novice programmers offering actions, named instructions, functions, control structures and event-driven programming. The whole experience is highly OO making the students think in terms of objects, properties and methods. The storyboarding and game programming concepts, which most students are familiar, are employed to teach algorithmic thinking and designing. (Cooper, Alice, 3-4) (IV.) Why Alice will work Programming needs abstract thinking. As stated by Booch, a pioneer in the OO approach, "deciding upon the right set of abstractions for a given domain is the central problem in object-oriented design" (42) Abstraction needs students to be able to visualize things. Further, understanding control structures, algorithms and applying them to solve programming problems need mental mappings by a student. Alice helps visualization of these programming constructs. It "offloads the mental effort from the student's cognitive system to his or her perceptual system" (Dann et al, Learning to Program, Preface to Instructors). As a result, the programming concepts become more concretely visible rather than being more abstract in the minds of the students. Will a graphical environment such as Alice help students to understand algorithms and programming constructs such as sequence, selection and repetition Yes, the evidence proves so. In a study conducted over two years at Saint Joseph's University and Ithaca College, it has been found that student performance and retention in programming courses and their attitudes towards computer science showed dramatic improvements (Moskal 5). Powers et al has also observed that Alice has been able to improve the

Highly active DNA cells Essay Example for Free

Highly active DNA cells Essay Some people are born with some highly active DNA cells in their body. In my case, that highly active DNA gene was the Fashion gene. I recall having a highly developed fashion sense at a very early age. It all started when I learned to hold a crayon and got my first coloring book. I remember that it was a Barbie Fashions coloring book and my mother taught me how to color within the lines using only the 8 basic colors that was in the crayon box. I became addicted to the Barbie Fashion coloring books and my mother noticed that I was also getting frustrated by my 8 color crayon set. That is why my crayon coloring set kept growing in number until I finally maxed out at 72 colors. Eventually, I learned the rudiments of drawing in school and I began to hone my drawing talent by copying the Barbie designs from my coloring book collection. As I grew out of the Barbie era of my childhood, I came to be influenced by the young teen fashion magazines like Seventeen and Teen Vogue. Magazines that I got to know about because my relatives who knew of my passion for fashion would often gift me with fashion magazine subscriptions for my birthday and other holidays. I began to replicate the dress style in those magazines while throwing in my personal touch in order to come up with my own highly distinct and memorable fashion style which was often copied by my friends and schoolmates. Indeed, she who has the keen fashion sense will always start the trends. Don’t get me wrong. I did not grow up as a fashion obsessed teen. I had a well rounded youth that included school, social, sports, and other extra curricular activities. My parents made sure that even though I spent most of my time poring over fashion related activities, I would still have a wide view of the world around me and learn how to deal with other people in various settings. That is the reason why they sent me to soccer camp over four summers. For a few weeks in every year, my attention was turned from my budding talent for fashion towards learning the necessary disciplines of drive, determination, and the importance of being a team player. Those are things that I would never learn from fashion magazines but would need in order to succeed in the highly competitive fashion industry. While at school, I was often assigned to the decorations committee for various school functions and it was with great pride that I often helped my friends design their dance and prom gowns. My designs really turned heads every time my friends and I walked into the gym. But, when I was not busy with such activities, I could almost always be found at band practice after classes. I was a member of the school band since I was nine years old and I was assigned to play the drums. Knowing that I had spent practically all my life following the daily goings on in the fashion world, my parents were not surprised when I told them that I waned to major in Advertising, as well as marketing and communications. I had always talked of becoming a member of the writing or design staff of a fashion magazine and they knew that I was never one to let go of my ambitions. The one thing that always amazes my family and friends is that I am a person who can be so multi-tasking that it almost seems like I no longer sleep at night. Time seems to be my friend which is why I get to enjoy other activities like writing fictional stories and poetry, aside from my constant doodling of my fashion ideas on a sketch pad. When my parents asked me, â€Å"Where do you see yourself five years from college graduation? † after I graduated from high school, my reply was almost instantaneous, that is the same answer that I wish to share with you now. I am a very passionate person when it comes to fashion. So, it is pretty obvious that I see myself working in the creative or advertising department of a leading fashion magazine. I know that will not be hard to achieve. After all, I have spend all my time constantly preparing for that career. I know that is what I want and I know that I can make it happen for me. There is nothing that I cannot accomplish provided my mind and heart are set upon achieving it.

Macbeth?s Supernatural Scenes Explained Essay -- essays research paper

Macbeth’s supernatural scenes explained   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s rational and scientifically explainable world, it would be hard for us to believe in supernatural intervention in our every day lives unlike during the times of the Shakespearean plays. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, there are three examples of this kind of thing: one with the witches, one with a ghost of a best friend, and one with the a few apparitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first nonrational scene three old dirty hags (witches) are discussing where they should meet Macbeth to persuade him into thinking he should be the nest king. When Macbeth finally meets the three witches on the heath like they had planed, him and his best friend Banquo are there. The witches kno...

Herois Tradition throughout British Literature :: essays papers

Herois Tradition throughout British Literature Throughout British Literature, there are many instances of heroism. To be considered a hero by others in the time period of 449 to 1625, you must be, â€Å"noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose: especially, one who has risked or sacrificed his life† (Morris 618). Four characters in British Literature that portray heroic traits are Beowulf, Sir Gawain, Macbeth, and the Knight of The Canterbury Tales. Beowulf shows himself worthy of the title of being a hero when he leaves his country to help a neighboring country, Denmark and rid them of the long lasting fear of a malicious monster known as Grendel. Sir Gawain is considered a hero by many because of his loyalty to King Arthur. He even risks his life so that King Arthur would live and participates in the Green Knights challenge. Although Macbeth has got a few more faults than other heroes have in British Literature, his name is still synonymous with â€Å"hero†. Aristotle says â€Å"the tragic hero has to fa ll from grace †¦ after being on top† (Chui 1). Before the three witches tell Macbeth the false prophecies, Macbeth is in held is high accord, yet afterwards, his ambition tears him down and he does anything it takes gain the role of King. The Knight, from The Canterbury Tales, excels beyond all others when it comes to being a hero. He is the most loyal and is admired by the other characters for his courage, bravery in battle and his exploits in war. He is on a religious pilgrimage not to make money or any other avaricious deed that the other characters are on the pilgrimage for, he is on the pilgrimage to worship God, which is also honored by his peers as being heroic. All four characters mentioned have heroic traits and they all are considered heroes. Although they might gain their title in different ways and for the wrong reasons, they are truly heroes. In British Literature, many stories have been influenced by the heroic traditions of their time period. The characters , although in different stories, all portray the heroic tradition in British Literature. The character Beowulf, â€Å"a man of great strength and bravery† (Magill 388), is a hero in the way he defends his neighboring country, Denmark. When the word that a hostile creature, known as Grendel, was killing tons in Denmark, Beowulf set sail to help defend the people and rid them of the hideous monster.

Conceptualization Treatment Plan Paper Essay

Abstract This paper is designed to focus on identifying conceptualization and treatment for clients regarding Individual Psychology. It begins with the client’s case study and history because it will give a stronger understanding of how the Individual Psychology theory is effective when working with this client. Understanding the dynamics of what the client has and is currently experiencing will allow the counselor the opportunity to point out the issues and address them individually. Details of the client’s concerns will be addressed, along with different techniques on dealing with the client, and some spiritual guidance to keep their spirits lifted during this process. The writer will connect the client’s flawed decisions with the new taught knowledge gained in counseling, in hopes of creating a stronger marriage and better person. The writer ends the paper by describing why the Individual Psychology Therapy was selected, how this therapy is used to treat the client, an d will describe any challenging aspects that may arise while working with the client. Keywords: Individual, psychology, therapy, theory, technique Client’s Presenting Concern Tina and John have been married for 12 years. Tina and John were both raised from a single mother. Tina never received any male affection as a child and she relied on sex and the attention men gave her. She sought out affection of any kind, but the affection from her husband wasn’t good enough. She also holds resentment and anger for the way John has treated their oldest daughter, Emily. Tina is remaining in the marriage right now, but she is emotionally and sexually disconnected and is planning on leaving. John had six sisters and even though it was a large family, he felt alone. John’s mother put men ahead of all six of her children. His sister’s followed in  his mother’s steps and connected love by men and sex. John never felt loved and searched desperately for love. Despite Tina’s multiple indiscretions John greatly wanted his marriage to last in spite of Tina’s repeated wants to leave him. Although John is not aware of Tina’s plan on leaving within the year he is very upset with her constant threat to leave and go back to her hometown. Individual Psychology Therapy Alfred Adler, one of Sigmund Freud’s students, created his own theory separating him from his teacher, and started his own theory (Stein & Edwards, 2011). Adler created the Individual Psychology, it focused on the individual as totality. Individual Psychology is defined as a cognitive, goal-oriented, social psychology concerned with an individual’s conviction, faith and awareness, along with each individual’s behavior. His focus was on the conscious and social drives. Adler believed that every person had self doubting and apprehensive times in their life, but deserved to be treated with respect and dignity (Milliren, Evans, & Newbauer, n.k.d.). Each person will have to identify their problem and work towards becoming a better person. Adler believed that each person manifested their own life course. Case Conceptualization Milliren, et. al (n.k.d.) stated that Individual Psychology had several fundamental principles, but the primary three are goal oriented goals, humans with the desire to belong and value themselves, and finally each person is inseparable and maintained wholeness through their personality. Adlerian psychology is different from any other school of psychology because it involved holism, purposiveness, and social interest. An unknown author from Adler Graduate School (2014), wrote, â€Å"thinking, feeling, emotion, and behavior can only be understood as subordinated to the individual’s style of life, or consistent pattern of dealing with life†. According to Milliren, et. Al (n.k.d.) there are three principles of Individual Psychology: the behavior is goal driven, humans had a need to belong and want to be desired, and each person is viewed as a whole with unique personalities and behaviors. When the client has started seeing a counselor they have come to the understanding of accepting there is a problem. When counseling begins the counselor must allow the client to address the concerns that has caused  them to go in for counseling. Once the concerns have been presented, the counselor begins to work towards implementing the changes into their life. Some physiological functioning along with the tasks of thinking, behaving, and feelings are all incorporated in the desire to reach their personal goal. Murdock (2009) believed that humans had an instinctive nature to always strive to obtain perfection, and understanding the desperation to succeed one can understand how the human path is created. Adler viewed family constellations into two separate ways to comprehend family positioning (Murdock, 2009, 140). There is a large amount of research differentiating the two ways and there are a vast amount of factors used in comprehending the differences. The first system is ordinal; this is order or number for each child born into the family (Shulman & Mosak, n.k.d.). For example when parents have children they place them in order of their first, second, or third born child. The second system is the birth order. A child’s birth order is determined by several factors. The first factor is if the children born in different environments (mentally and financially). The second factor is the psychological situation of the birth order of the child, which means if the first born does not act/represent like the first born as a leader, or example and the second child acts more mature than the second born will take the first born’s role. The third factor is amount of years between the siblings can amplify, or reduce arguments and fights between the siblings. Finally, the birth order is an influence. Birth order is not set in stone, the interaction with the parents also influence the order. Adler believed that everyone’s life plan was created by the time they were 5 years old (Murdock, 2009, p. 118). John was the third child of the family; however, he was the only one of the family who had a job. His mother and sister’s worked at fast food restaurants, or they did telemarketing while he went into the military to get him out of the city. Although he wanted more of his life than how he was raised, John was not aware of how to express his emotions. He was taught to keep everything in because if you showed emotions as a boy, it means you are weak. So, now John is not able to express all of his feelings to Tina. He can only show anger, or he pulls away from everyone. John views himself as a good husband and father, because he is still in the home with them and in his children’s lives. He feels that he has not abandoned them, so everything should be great in their lives. Despite the fact that John is not involved in any of his children’s activities, or has any knowledge about their school progress he feels like he is a good father because he doesn’t know any different. Goals and Interventions John is not aware of any problems in the family. He views that he is a good dad because he is in the home. He feels this way because he provides a nice home, insurance, security, and the comforts of having financial stability. He is in the home and able to help with disciplining the children when needed. John refuses to go to counseling because he feels that he does what he has to do as a man. He is not supposed to show emotions. He is supposed to keep his emotions in because no one wants to hear a man complaining. Counselors that practice Adlerian therapy believe that any client is able to change. The counselors incorporated three factors that are needed in working with clients, such as: love, faith, and hope (Murdock, 2009, p.128). The love is a general term. In order for the client to want to change they must feel like the counselors cares about them. Faith is shown by a counselor having confidence and is able to support the client. Having hope means that the counselor must ensure the client that they are able to succeed in life. In order for the counselor to be able to help the client, the counselor will need to understand each client, his lifestyle, and their reasoning for their actions. There are several techniques used to help clients under the Individual Psychology therapy. One of the techniques used is interpretation. When a counselor uses interpretation they use all of the information gained and attempt to make sense of the client’s lifestyles, dreams, and circumstances. The client is then able to offer their personal thoughts on how the information is perceived. The second technique used in Individual Psychology therapy is encouragement.  Encouragement is the continuation of interpretation of the client’s lifestyle, dreams, and circumstances. Encouragement is normally given prior to the client attempting to make the change. Encouragement is given as hope, or optimism to help to build the client’s confidence while they take on new tasks in their life. The third technique is acting as if. This is when clients have excuses for their behavior. When a client starts a sentence with â€Å"if only†, this is an attempt for the client to try to make sense of the issue. The counselor should ask the client how things would be different â€Å"if only† those items were real. Once the question is answered, then the counselor will be able to redirect and change the client’s view. Spiritual Application The Individual Psychology is based on the understanding the life of a person as a whole. Murdock (2009) wrote humans have an innate drive to be successful and survive. God created all humans equally, without envy. Attempting to have the clients to view themselves as equals to others will help keep the client spiritually connected and happy. This type of therapy requires the client to completely honest with themselves and others. The goal of the therapy is to assist the client in understanding the wrong lifestyle that they had been living and to correct the thought process. Conclusion This paper was composed from a case study of John and Tina, then it was enhanced with the Individual Psychology Therapy. This therapy was used because I feel that any type of therapy begins with the individual and the individual wanting to change. This type of therapy was a benefit to the client, because it focused on increasing the self. I think the most difficult aspect of this therapy was acknowledging the problem, accepting the problem, and correcting it. References Milliren, A., Evan, T., and Newbauer, J. (n.k.d.). Adlerian Theory. Carter & Evans Marriage and Family Therapy: Retrieved on February 2, 2014, from http://www.carterandevans.com/portal/index.php/adlerian-theory/69-adlerian-th

Marketing Environment Forces

Marketing Environment Forces Introduction Marketing environment is a term used to refer to the forces outside of marketing which have an influence on the marketing manager’s ability to create and maintain a healthy relationship with the customers he is targeting. In other words, these forces affect the demand and supply of goods and services. In this write up, focus is given on three marketing forces namely economic, competitive and socio-cultural forces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Environment Forces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic forces These refer to prosperity, recession, depression and recovery life cycles and how they affect the consumption of a product. In any circumstance, what determines whether the consumer will use that product is whether he has the ability to purchase it. This makes economic factors key determinants or a key environmental force and the most fundamental force affecting marketing of a co mmodity. Factors like employment, rate of inflation, interest rates, fiscal and monetary policies also fall under this category even though they are intricately intertwined and they eventually affect the business’ marketing activities by determining the amount of demand for the firm’s products (Franke, Hofstede Bond, 1991). How can the marketer use economic odds to his advantage? Depending on how all the economic factors are addressed by the firm, they can be either an opportunity or a threat to the firm. For instance, discount stores and fast food points do better in a down economy as opposed to a vibrant and strong economy where people search for healthier foods. Organizations will therefore need to review how economic conditions will impact on their businesses and respond appropriately. A successful marketer has to anticipate and visualize these economic factors and use them to his advantage. The focus is to get the maximum benefits at the minimum costs possible. O ften in such circumstances as downturns and recessions, there will be high unemployment, low purchasing power, and therefore low demand for products. The strategic marketer can plan to offer more value for the same or lower price than the competitor. He can increase advertising and utilize technology in cost reduction (Porter, 2008). The marketer will become a resource by providing information and tools which are needed by the prospects. Competitive forces Before looking at the competitive forces themselves, it is important to understand the competitive structures. They include monopoly where there is only one marketer in the market place, oligopoly where there are few marketers- say three or four, perfect competition where competitors are of equal strength and equal access to market, and eventually monopolistic competition where there are many marketers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The monopolistic competition is the most common and marketers have to work to ensure that consumers choose their commodities and not those of their competitors (Lee, 1966). Michael E. Porter classified the forces into five categories, namely the intensity of competitive rivalry, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitute products and the bargaining power of customers (Porter, 1979). The intensity of rivalry is caused by a large number of firms competing for the same customers and resources, slow market growth that causes firms to fight for the market share, high fixed costs that cause the firms to produce at near capacity and high storage costs or high perishability that cause the producer to sell as soon as possible. Low switching cost where the customer can very easily switch, and low levels of product differentiation usually have the same impact on the marketing. If the strategic stakes are high, they intensify rivalry. When there are high exit ba rriers, it is another way of saying that the firm must stay and compete. The diversity of rivals where it is very difficult to predict the behavior of rivals can mean that any time rivalry can intensify. Other factors on rivalry are level of advertising expense, competitive strategy of each and competition between online and also offline firms (Porter, 2008). Porter’s second category is threat of substitutes. In this, reference is being given to products in other industries. Price elasticity is determined by substitute products. For instance, in the tire industry for cars, pricing may be constrained by the presence of retreads because they are substitutes. There is therefore competition arising from substitutes as opposed to rivals. In simple terms the buyer’s propensity to switch to alternatives is an important consideration. It can be influenced by switching costs, product differentiation, number of substitutes available and relative price performance of the substitu te (Porter, 2008). Another force is the buyer power. Here the buyer is the reference and the one who determines the prices. For instance economists talk of monopsony when there are many sellers but only one buyer. In such a case, the buyer is the one who sets the price. Other issues affecting the buyer are buyer sensitivity to price, switching cost, information availability, degree of dependency on the current channels of distribution and buyer volume.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Environment Forces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supplier power is another competitive force. A supplier is said to be powerful when he can influence the producing industry. Suppliers are powerful when it is difficult for producers to switch suppliers and are weak when there are many competitive suppliers. Threat of new entrants as a competitive force comes in especially when there are no barriers to entry in an industry. I t is not very common especially if there are several well established firms. Other than presence of powerful firms other barriers to entry are government regulation, patents and proprietary knowledge and economies of scale. How can marketers help in facing such forces? When the firm is faced with some or all of these forces, the marketer can take both external and internal measures to jockey for a more favorable position. One of the things he/she can do is to understand the company’s strengths and weaknesses. The company can choose to influence the balance before they negatively affect it. A company can devise a strategy that takes the offensive. This posture is designed to do more than merely cope with the forces themselves; it is meant to alter their causes instead. The company can also exploit the changes in the industry through staking out a position that is less vulnerable to attack from head-to-head opponents, whether established or new, and less vulnerable to erosion f rom the direction of buyers, suppliers, and substitute goods (John Steven, 1983). This it can do through solidifying good relationships with good customers through marketing and establishing technological leadership so as to be on the advantage of new changes. Social-cultural forces These are societal factors that impact on any marketing aspect, either making it easier or challenging. They could relate to language, family, reference groups, roles and status, values and attitudes, religion, morals, education, prioritizing of wants current social trends and many more. All these affect the preferences, perceptions and behavior. For instance, a company that focuses on exercise equipment and low calorie foods when there is a trend of weight loss is likely to sell more. Language for instance will influence the way an advertisement is perceived.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some checklist questions a marketer can ask himself on the social cultural factors are: What is the dominant religion? How does the language of the customers influence the diffusion of the products? How much time do consumers create for leisure? What is the opinion and attitudes towards my type of product and also the company (Adler Mortimer, 1981)? These questions among many others will help a marketer know what issues to address, especially on the advertisement part. Advertisements are meant to create or change an impression among potential buyers. The marketer will therefore align his marketing strategies towards creating a lasting favorable impression among his potential clientele. For instance on religion, the marketing department can promote products that show regard to the religious beliefs like banks that offer Sharia products for Muslims. Most firms try as much as they can to have products that will sell more to the bigger section of the society in regard to any social fac tor since it is difficult to offer a product that satisfies everybody. The marketer should therefore be able to evaluate the quarters that will generate maximum revenue. When the marketing department works hand in hand with the production and other departments, they can create a product that gains favor among consumers while the marketing department creates brand loyalty through product promotion. The firm can take advantage of the socio-cultural factors in creating brand loyalty (Franke, Hofstede Bond, 1991). Conclusion Marketers should perform a SWOT analysis to be able to understand their companies in terms of their abilities and weaknesses first before hitting the market for campaigns. In spite of all the unfavorable forces that are present in their business arena, they should struggle to use the forces to their advantage. However, before entering a market they should also conduct a PEST (political, economic, socio-cultural and technological) survey so that they understand the market and operate in a market they are sure to have less difficulties. References Adler, T. and Mortimer, J. (1981). Six great ideas. Journal of Marketing Management, 23, 12-17. Franke, R. H., Hofstede, G. and Bond M. H. (1991). Cultural roots of economic performance: A research note. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 165-173. John, R. H. and Steven, M. S. (1983). The indicators of a friendly market: Marketing Science, 2(4), 319-360 Lee, J. A. (1966). Cultural analysis in overseas operations. Harvard Business Review, 44(2), 106 114. Porter, M. E. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 14, 3-15. Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business Review, 35, 45-66.

Free Essays on Aerospace Engineering

I selected to do this paper on Aerospace engineering, a field which I have always been very fond of. Forever and a day the world of aviation and space exploration has been very close to me. My Uncle has been an astronautical engineer working for independent corporations for sometime now and his occupation has always intrigued me. He has designed over hundreds of economically sound spacecraft for the general public although none of his designs have been brought to life its just a matter of time. I can really see myself in this line of work creating and designing aircraft as well as spacecrafts doing things no one has yet to accomplish. Aerospace engineers are responsible for developing extraordinary machines, from airplanes that weigh over a half a million pounds to spacecraft that travel over 17,000 miles an hour. They design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacturing of these products. Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are considered aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are considered astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in flight, defense systems, and space exploration. They often use Computer-aided Design (CAD), robotics, and lasers and advanced electronic optics to assist them. Aerospace engineers typically are employed within the aerospace industry. Aerospace engineers held about 50,000 jobs in 2000. Almost one-half worked in the aircraft and parts and guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing industries. Federal Government agencies, primarily the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, provided almost 15 percent of jobs. Engineering and architectural services, research and testing services, and search and navigation equipment firms accounted for most of the remaining jobs. Employment of aerospace engineers is expected to grow about as fast as the ... Free Essays on Aerospace Engineering Free Essays on Aerospace Engineering I selected to do this paper on Aerospace engineering, a field which I have always been very fond of. Forever and a day the world of aviation and space exploration has been very close to me. My Uncle has been an astronautical engineer working for independent corporations for sometime now and his occupation has always intrigued me. He has designed over hundreds of economically sound spacecraft for the general public although none of his designs have been brought to life its just a matter of time. I can really see myself in this line of work creating and designing aircraft as well as spacecrafts doing things no one has yet to accomplish. Aerospace engineers are responsible for developing extraordinary machines, from airplanes that weigh over a half a million pounds to spacecraft that travel over 17,000 miles an hour. They design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacturing of these products. Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are considered aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are considered astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in flight, defense systems, and space exploration. They often use Computer-aided Design (CAD), robotics, and lasers and advanced electronic optics to assist them. Aerospace engineers typically are employed within the aerospace industry. Aerospace engineers held about 50,000 jobs in 2000. Almost one-half worked in the aircraft and parts and guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing industries. Federal Government agencies, primarily the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, provided almost 15 percent of jobs. Engineering and architectural services, research and testing services, and search and navigation equipment firms accounted for most of the remaining jobs. Employment of aerospace engineers is expected to grow about as fast as the ...

Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Women’s Mental Health Essays

Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Women’s Mental Health Essays Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Women’s Mental Health Essay Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Women’s Mental Health Essay Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Women’s Mental Health Social values are those, which big group/community holds. These qualities can alter over the long draw and as society progresses. On the other manus, cultural values are handed down from past era. In malice of the fact that adult females exist longer, they are most surely non basically populating better or healthier lives ( Douki et al. , 2007 ) . Today, the position and good being of a big figure of adult females around the universe remain unluckily low. Harmonizing to one study of the WHO, adult females s well-being is inseparably interfaced to their position in the public oculus. Bing a girl, sister, married woman, female parent, and more of it a adult female as an single possesses great duties on one’s shoulder. Responsibility comes with function outlook that society expects from a adult female to play, which influences psychological science to its best. In add-on to it, many cultural patterns might lend to women’s mental wellness, particularly in those countries wh ere adult females are stigmatized. As a situational theoretical account stress psychological hurt linked to interpersonal and societal state of affairss ( Karasz, 2005 ) . The intent of taking this subject is that, today in the twenty-first century where the homo is seeking life on other planets, females in our ain Earth missing their basic rights, adult females are still in the dark epoch. In most of civilizations and communities, adult females are victims of force and the authority of male over female which is tempted by their societies and cultural norms ( WHO 2012 ) . The physical effects of cultural impacts are largely related to mental upsets. The content of this composing will offer attending to the persons about the constituents which had become everyday as a portion of cultural and societal criterions and their annihilating effects on a adult female s psychological science. Furthermore, this paper will foreground important issues which cause hapless mental well-being of adu lt females and which becomes a ground behind community deformation and load on the wellness attention system. Cruelty against adult females is unbounded ( beyond the age, sex, race, location ) and accordingly they encounter mental and psychological maltreatment in the continuation of their life rhythm, amid babyhood, childhood until older age. Harmonizing to United Nations survey, in Pakistan the per centum of married adult females who are physically battered is 50 % and 90 % are emotionally and verbally abused ( Nasrullah et al. , 2009 ) The most widely recognized grounds for adult females buffeting integrated involvement along with letdown with the dowery, traveling out of place without stating the spouse, impotence, declining to hold intercourse with him, women’s demands for separation, non caring for the in-laws, and improper duty of expected gender functions etc. Taking into history the impact of each causative factor on adult females psychological science are following: Multiple Roles Expectation and its impact on Psychology: First, adult female has to execute multiple functions in society as a female parent, sister, married woman and other blood dealingss. Indulgence and acquiring overloaded with all these relational responsibilities, she finally gets stressed and down. Harmonizing to the function strain theory, affecting oneself in assorted societal parts could be a cause of anxiousness because of deficiency of clip and energy, and may hold basically unfavourable mental and subjective well-being decisions ( Plaisier et al. , 2008 ) . A survey on emphasis in NWFP Pakistan reported a prevalence of anxiousness and depression about 46 % in adult females compared to 15 % in work forces. ( Niaz, 2004 ) . In add-on to it, anticipating to play specifically assigned functions besides contributes to violence that finally leads to mental wellness jobs. In a manner that males are expected to act like masculine describe by bravery and courage, and females are expected to move like feminine characterized by timidness , weak and submissive ( Ali A ; Gavino, 2008 ) . As a consequence stigmatisation of females took topographic point if she doesn’t tantrum into the social frame of feminism. Harmonizing to the kineticss of force against adult females stated in literature, it seems that constituents like doctrine about patriarchate, society, faith, media, civilization, single qualities come together to lend into force against adult females ( Niaz, 2004 ) Intimate Relations and its impact on Psychology: Second, badgering as a constituent of mental force is a normal phenomenon that happens when the partner is teased for conveying deficient dowery which is non harmonizing to the demands of in-laws. One of the major factors of domestic force against adult females in rural countries of Pakistan is greed for dowery ( Ali et al. , 2013 ) . Harmonizing to a research 100s of adult females die because of range Burnss and the identified motivation behind this is to acquire rid of the adult females and remarry with more doweries from another household ( Niaz, 2004 ) . Third, challenges in confidant relationships which causes physical every bit good as psychological hurt. Many surveies show that sexual force against female by an confidant spouse often, has serious and reliable mental wellness results for adult females ( Kumar et al. , 2013 ) . Fliting mental wellbeing impacts of matrimonial assault incorporate edginess, stun, serious apprehensiveness, misery, suicidal ideation, eating upset and post-traumatic anxiousness issue ( WHO, 2012 ) . A research consequence showed high prevalence of life-time sexual force: 37 % in urban and 50 % in rural countries ( Naved, 2013 ) . The likely effect of sexual assault and its after effects can be seen in the undermentioned instance: â€Å"A 22 twelvemonth old female patient came with around five month history of garrulity, crossness and wakefulness. About one and half old ages back, in her small town, she was sexually assaulted by two individuals while she was returning to her place. After making her place, she faced frequent unfavorable judgment by her household members and at times she was beaten by them excessively. No constabulary instance was filed in this affair, due to dishonor and sing the hereafter jobs in matrimony. Due to this, she started experiencing low, retreating herself from making any work. Subsequently, she was sent to one of her relation for work, where she was working as a full-time family assistant. There once more, she was sexually assaulted and had to confront perennial chiding. Gradually, there was a alteration in her behaviour and her male parent brought her to the infirmary with the aforesaid complaints† ( Kumar et al. , 2013 ) . Womans Status and its impact on Psychology: Furthermore, the cardinal position, that adult females are low-level to work forces and that the award of the household depends upon the workss of adult females in matching household ( Ali A ; Gavino, 2008 ) . To safeguard this award, society confines women’s behavior, curtailing to one topographic point and contact with the opposite gender. In short, high rates of mental wellbeing issues may be because of household relational differences, pecuniary lessening and high rates of unemployment ( Lago, 2011 ) . However, if some manages to work, on the other manner their work expose them to conjugal clangs and torment in the work environment. Harmonizing to a survey conducted in Pakistan 86.5 % of the studied nurses reported harassment experience, most of them were private infirmary nurse ( Malik A ; Farooqi. 2014 ) .Subsequently, work for most females is more wellhead of weariness and anxiousness alternatively of a alteration toward oneself. Large parts of them will make depressi ve spreads finally may give up working and might stop into station traumatic emphasis upset. â€Å"Feminist theory positions societal phenomena as determined by the patriarchal construction of most societies. Harmonizing to this theory adult female maltreatment is one of the results of a construction that allows harlotry and other limitations to maintain adult females in servile positions† ( Ali A ; Gavino, 2008 ) . The survey of hard-pressed adult females in Pakistan, revealed most adult females had arranged matrimonies and besides had a bachelor’s grade with 2 to 3 childs, the bulk worked outside place, learning or running a little concern. Their symptoms were concerns, choking feelings, palpitations, droping bosom, asleep pess, and hearing failing ( Niaz, 2004 ) Cultural Norms and its impact on Psychology: Despite this, over the recent old ages, an expanded rate of Karo-Kari ( honor violent deaths ) in Baluchistan has farther smudged Pakistan as now negative adult females rights record ( Khoso et al. , 2011 ) . Established in patriarchal and societal feeling of female as male belongings, Karo-Kari seemingly happens to revenge for household regard when a lady abuses tribal or societal criterions. Predictably, the pattern marks single, who is neer given a opportunity to protect themselves against the claims which contributes to non merely physical force but besides terrible mental upsets ( Mayell, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to a research, 86 violent deaths as Karo-Kari instances were reported, out of which 53 of the victims were adult females in Larkana, Sindh ( Ali A ; Gavino 2008 ) . Another pattern which might butcher a woman’s societal desire in the name of social norms is the pattern of Watta Satta ( exchange matrimony ) , in which a sibling and sister is hitched to an alternate brace of family. In these exchange relational brotherhoods, if there was no lucifer accessible at that clip, a pregnant lady in the household promises to supply her babe when it is conceived. This might stop into depressive upset for a female parent due to external pressurization. â€Å"Research has demonstrated that kids of down female parents are at higher hazard for school failure and depressive disorders† ( Douki et al, 2013 ) . Those relational brotherhoods include abuse of two ladies whose matrimonial satisfaction relies upon performing artists outside their matrimony. Divorce and its impact on Psychology Womans with unsated and rough relationship in such preservationist society and civilization choose for separation which is non acceptable in Islamic point of position. Such behavior makes exceptionally troublesome for a adult female to stop a ferocious relationship. Womans tend to believe that they are perpetrating incorrect workss by fade outing even an opprobrious matrimony which might do emphasis, depression, low ego regard, anxiousness, aggression, temper A ; personality upset and many more. Harmonizing to Bandura, societal fortunes plays most of import function in finding the frequence and factors related to aggressive behaviour ( Ali A ; Gavino 2008 ) . Largely, the adult females are left out entirely, stigmatized and supercharge from her ain household members. Due to such rough worlds, a adult female continuously becomes a victim of internal and external emphasis. Harmonizing to the nested ecological model, through interaction between one another and their societal environme nt behaviours are shaped. In Pakistan divorce continues to be an apprehensiveness of societal shame that prevents adult females from making out for aid. The per centum of abused adult females who didn’t declared to be abused is 70 % ( Niaz, 2004 ) . Recommendations: In my sentiment, avoiding the factors such as force effects on mental wellness leads non merely to misdiagnose of implicit in upset but besides contributes to personal and social deformation. It can be assumed that there is a demand of partnership between the community and wellness attention supplier for advancing mental wellness, giving consciousness about the cultural beliefs that becomes a ground for adult female mental wellness effect. Following schemes should be initiated on a broad scope with sufficient resources and expertness, both at governmental and non-governmental degree with community engagement. There could be schemes like healing and preventative for a adult female enduring from force. Curative plan may include support to the enduring adult female by giving guidance and do her regain lost self- regard, rehabilitative services, and shelter place. Interdisciplinary attack with resources may be used as a preventative step, these include preparation for mental wellness att ention suppliers, practicians, and societal workers and help them in acknowledging beat-up adult females. To reason, there are a figure of socio-cultural variables which play a important portion in impacting adult females s psychological science, including ferociousness against adult females, dowry related issues, award execution, impotence, the consequence of multiple functions and gender function outlook, and powderizing impacts of separation. All above mentioned factors leads to psychological upsets such as depression, unipolar depression, bipolar upset, postpartum depression, eating upset, personality, temper upset, and other psychological upsets. Gender-related differences might ensue in depressive upset and low self-pride. At present in many states including Pakistan, adult females because of their gender deficiency self-worth, physical, emotional, and sexual security which is the key to good mental wellness, which finally leads to violence against adult females. Although, reform in the mental wellness puting entirely can non decide the jobs, it would necessitate coaction towards a lteration in attitudes, societal response and beliefs among people. Mentions Ali, P. A. , A ; Gavino, M. I. B. ( 2008 ) . Violence against adult females in Pakistan: a model for Analysis.Journal of Pakistan Medical Association ( JPMA ). Ali, T.S. , Arnadottir, G. , A ; Kulane, A. ( 2013 ) . Dowry patterns and their negative effects from a female position in Karachi, Pakistan. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.57A4012 Douki, S. , Zineb, S.B. , Nacef, F. , A ; Halbreich, U. ( 2007 ) . Women s mental wellness in the Muslim universe: Cultural, spiritual, and societal issues.Journal of Affective Disorders,102, 177–189. Karasz, A. ( 2004 ) . Cultural differences in conceptual theoretical accounts of depression.Social Science A ; Medicine,60, 1625–1635. Khoso, I. , Shafiq, K. , Abdi, A.R. , A ; Shaikih, F.M. ( 2011 ) . Problems and Challenges Faced by the Rural Womans: A Case Study of Balochistan.Asian Culture and History,3 ( 1 ) . Retrieved from www.ccsenet.org/ach Kumar, A. , Nizamie, S.H. , A ; Srivastava, N.K. ( 2013 ) . Violence against adult females and mental health.Mental Health A ; Prevention,1, 4-10. Lago, C. ( 2011 ) .The enchiridion of transcultural guidance and psychotherapeutics. McGraw-Hill International. Malik, S. , A ; Farooqi, Y.N. ( 2014 ) . General and Sexual Harassment as Forecasters of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Female Health Professionals.World Journal of Medical Sciences,10 ( 1 ) , 43-49. doi:10.5829/idosi.wjms.2014.10.1.81128 Mayell, H. ( 2002 ) . Thousands of Women Killed for Family Honor . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/15061734.html Nasrullah, M. , Haqqi, S. , A ; Cummings, K.J. ( 2009 ) . The epidemiological forms of honour violent death of adult females in Pakistan.The European Journal of Public Health, 1-5. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp021 Niaz, U. ( 2004 ) . Women’s mental wellness in Pakistan.World Psychiatry,3 ( 1 ) , 60–62. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1414670/ Plaisier, I. , F.Beekman, A.T. , M.Bruijn, J.G. , Graaf, R.D. , Have, M.T. , Smit, J.H. , Dyck, R.V. , Penninx, B.W.J.H. , ( 2008 ) . The consequence of societal functions on mental wellness: A affair of measure or quality?Journal of Affective Disorders,111, 261–270 Understanding and turn toing force against adult females. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/en/index.html

Assignment3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment3 - Assignment Example This is a public case since it draws the interest of all society members. Evidently, police brutality is a matter of concern for all. A jury was therefore involved in determining the case. Apparently, the jury represents the stance of the common people and is usually called upon when matters of public concern are being determined. The burden of proof means the obligation to provide evidence that either incriminates or absolves an accused person. The legal standard that should be applied in this case is that of establishment of proof beyond any reasonable doubt. The plaintiffs asked for both compensatory and punitive damages. They wanted compensation to recover what they had lost due to the unlawful arrest and sought punitive damages to punish the crime perpetrators. Punitive damages are appropriate in this case since the police violated the rights of the Martinez family. The granting of punitive damages by the jury serves as deterrence for Denver State authorities and other who may be inclined to act in a similar manner against their people. The defendant most likely alluded to the seriousness of the war on drugs that they were involved in during the time of the raid. The article reports that the police raided the family home looking for drug dealers who had vacated the premises a month before. (6 points) What result or outcome do you think the case should have? How should the court rule? (Or, if the court has ruled, do you agree with the outcome? Why or why not?) Use course concepts to explain your answer. I agree with the outcome of the case. The jury’s decision to award compensation to the plaintiff is commendable under the tenets of justice. The unlawful arrest had violated the balance of justice hence there was need for reparation. If the Denver city pays the price of the actions of its officers, the leaders are likely to demand the proper performance of duties among its officers, leading to a better

Argue for Johnny F.Sale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argue for Johnny F.Sale - Essay Example In order to claim his benefits, Sale should work hard to progress from an amateur level to professional level. As such Sale would take advantage of his pictures, jerseys, videos and other promotional items that would generate him individual revenue. Briefly, NCAA is a none-profit organization that generates its revenues from television contracts, game events and so forth. Research shows that, NCAA primary source of revenue is television contracts. For example, in fiscal year 2006 – 2007, television and marketing revenue accounted for approximately 81.9 percent of the NCAA’s total revenue. This statement indicates that NCAA receives a lot of money from revenue generated from selling of player’s pictures, jerseys and other promotional items. Though making a lot of profit, players are not shareholders or beneficially. NCAA incurs its expenses through its operation activities that include staff wages, events organization just to mention but a few. NCAA has set forth rules for protecting its revenue. However, this paper presents a case where an Amateur player â€Å"Johnny F. Sale† demands a share of the revenue generated from his pictures, jerseys that contain his name, videos and so forth. According to NCAA rules, Sale being an amateur does not qualify to enjoy any share or revenue generated by NCAA. Such privileges are for professional players. NCAA rule state that for a player to qualify to professional level, he needs to do two of the following: (1) Try playing for a professional team and one is responsible for his expenses. Contrary, for expenses in a period of up to 48 hours, one can receive a reimbursement. (2) One may also look for a job at a hockey school. The wages for teaching are not a violation of NCAA rules. The two rules simply mean a student is not a beneficiary of the revenue generated from promotional items bearing his name, picture or video clip. Sale felt that he had the potential to benefiting from revenue generated f rom the selling of his name, pictures and video clips on NCAA website despite being a student. As a result of restrictive NCAA law, the organization has faced numerous cases in court for not complying with a player grievance. Summary of Facts In fact, NCAA benefits from the players’ names, pictures, videos clips and other promotional items. On the other hand, players do not benefit, and NCAA has put in place rules that restrain the players from benefiting until they attain professional status. This clearly shows a violation of their right to earn a living from their sporting activities while still under training. As a result, Sale would like to sell his own pictures, name, video clips and likeness. However, as per the existing rules, should he choose to do so, he will be violating NCAA rules hence becomes ineligible to compete in intercollegiate athletics. His long-term focus is to continue playing under amateur level. Moreover, he was intending to benefit from pictures of hi s own and other promotional items that concern him. Sports being in the business industry like any other business should earn the participants income from the activities they carry out while in that industry. Therefore, there are Sports law set forth to provide policies for players, sponsors and training institutions. Policies that concern players are in three categories namely; amateur, professional and international sports policies. There is

Personal management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal management - Essay Example In addition, the report also identifies some features related to culture and norms that need to be catered to as well. Vitamond is a manufacturing concern that produces non alcoholic drinks in order to promote a healthy lifestyle among people. This organization has grown by leaps and bounds based on the premise on which they sell their drinks. At this point in time, Vitamond has a secret formula based on which it produces flavored drinks which are healthy and tasty. These drinks are then exported to various European countries and in the North America. Because of the immense success of the organization, the management has decided to branch off into another country and start producing these drinks in another similar country. The choices that the management has include France and Germany of which Germany has been chosen as the country in which another manufacturing set up will be established. The opportunity in Germany is such that another manufacturing plant is going to be established there along with a possibility of a warehouse. In addition to that, on the operational level, about two hundred and fifty people will be employed, who will be part of administration, management and production in this set up. A local subsidiary set up has been done to monitor and administer the manufacturing plant in Germany. In addition that, an expatriate from United Kingdom has been sent to Germany to head the business unit that has been established in the country. Moreover, another expatriate will also be sent who will act as the quality assurance manager for the manufacturing plant. This paper aims to define the various human resource practices that would be required in order to help manage the personnel within the organization in Germany. In addition, the paper also aims to identify the various practices that are part of Germany and how they need

Proposal and thesis statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal and thesis statement - Essay Example The most important change should be making the curriculum more interesting and challenging for the students, once this happens one would witness a sharp decline in the dropout numbers. The curriculum should also be made challenging so that students study and accept their new challenge. It is very important to find out the reason for students dropping out each year, some dropout because they get bullied, some stop going to school because of poor grades and depression while some others get pregnant unexpectedly and decide to dropout, it is very important to know the right reason and take appropriate measures. â€Å"KIDS are dropping out of school as early as year 7 without any follow-up, a Springvale police officer says. Youth resource officer Leading Sen-Constable Leanne Cooper said many parents were happy to have their children at home, citing at least one 16-year-old girl who had not attended school since she was in year 7.† (Alarming School Drop-out rates) It is extremely im portant to check this long standing problem and to come up with steps which would eliminate it completely; it requires a lot of effort and diligence. References Alarming School Drop-out rates (2011). Rising Drop-out Rates. Retrieved from http://dandenong-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/alarming-school-drop-out-rates-in-dandenong/

Interview Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview Report - Assignment Example Mr. Joe has worked at different positions within the company at different points in time. He started at the basic level where he provided help in different kinds of tasks and over the time, acquired new skills and talents and ultimately became the Branch Manager of the company. Mr. Joe has worked with a paralegal company before where he learnt image scanning. His ability to manipulate images played a fundamental role in his selection in Joseph & Merritt. Mr. Joe shared his experiences with this company and has thrown light upon the risks, challenges, opportunities, and strategies to be successful. In this paper, I have discussed the main points that I gained from the interview and have reflected upon my experience of conducting this interview. This interview was a very informative session for me in which I learnt many things from Mr. Joe. One thing that I have gained from the interview is that a businessman has to actively observe the market all the time in order to identify what are the current trends and business practices. For example, having observed that immense reliance on technology has made the businesses digital in their practices, Joseph Merritt & Company assessed the risk of decrease in the need of printing in the future and accordingly started offering new kinds of services including the sale of printing equipment and providing its clients with software services. Another thing that I have observed is that managing a business is much more interesting as compared to serving in a company as an employee. The main reason for this is that when one has one’s own business, it puts one in a position to experiment according to one’s knowledge, understanding, and assessment. One becomes more responsible since the future of the business is integrally linked with the extent to which the businessman makes informed and timely decisions. Working as an employee in a company provides very little, if any, opportunity to an individual to modify the busine ss practices and there is usually very little appreciation whereas in business, even the losses are a source of learning for an individual because they tell how the strategies have to be modified to gain success. Success attained from personal decision making is a big motivation driver, which is why business is fulfilling and satiating psychologically, and emotionally. I also learnt that in order to do business in a rapidly changing market as the contemporary market, it is imperative that one knows what the right kinds of services are to be offered at a particular place at a particular point in time. For example, Joseph Merritt & Company has different kinds of clients in different places where its branches have opened. In some places, most of the business is conducted with the construction companies whereas in other places, schools and other institutions are the potential clients. Mr. Joe told me a lot about the use of social media in business in the contemporary age. Till now, I th ought of social media only as a platform where people socialize with their family and friends and make new friends or run campaigns. This interview has told me a lot about the significance of social media as a business tool. I have found out how social media is being increasingly used by the companies and businessmen to approach potential clients, share information with them about the company’

Proposal and thesis statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal and thesis statement - Essay Example The most important change should be making the curriculum more interesting and challenging for the students, once this happens one would witness a sharp decline in the dropout numbers. The curriculum should also be made challenging so that students study and accept their new challenge. It is very important to find out the reason for students dropping out each year, some dropout because they get bullied, some stop going to school because of poor grades and depression while some others get pregnant unexpectedly and decide to dropout, it is very important to know the right reason and take appropriate measures. â€Å"KIDS are dropping out of school as early as year 7 without any follow-up, a Springvale police officer says. Youth resource officer Leading Sen-Constable Leanne Cooper said many parents were happy to have their children at home, citing at least one 16-year-old girl who had not attended school since she was in year 7.† (Alarming School Drop-out rates) It is extremely im portant to check this long standing problem and to come up with steps which would eliminate it completely; it requires a lot of effort and diligence. References Alarming School Drop-out rates (2011). Rising Drop-out Rates. Retrieved from http://dandenong-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/alarming-school-drop-out-rates-in-dandenong/

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Biology - Essay Example The other is the â€Å"good cholesterol† which is contained within the high-density lipoprotein and is considered to have beneficial actions on the human beings. Cholesterol can have good effects on the human body and it is because of this that the researchers have termed it as being beneficial under some set conditions. What this means is that cholesterol has got a physiological role in the human body and thus anything in excess is pathogenic and could lead to the harmful effects that come part and parcel with cholesterol. As per the good aspects, we find out that the metabolism of cholesterol is regulated and controlled by enzymes that are different in nature and shape as well as the receptors present within the human body. Cholesterol makes for an effective transferring process of the proteins which are present within the liver, small intestine, peripheral cells and plasma. Cholesterol helps in digestion of dietary fats as well as the production of many different hormones. There is evidence that with the increase of high-density lipoprotein within the human body, longevity could be expected, which surely is a positive sign related with ch olesterol. Cholesterol always helps in building the cell walls and is thus a good agent within the human body from this perspective. For cholesterol to always remain as a beneficial entity there is a dire need to have its intake in a very conservative fashion so that the related excess does not create coronary heart disease and other risks which are closely associated. Cholesterol is an equally good building block as far as Vitamin D is concerned. It helps the sex hormones and different important chemicals are made up due to the presence of cholesterol. Also cholesterol helps at building the structure as well as the function of the invaginated caveole and the clathrin-coated pits. There is a serious role of cholesterol within the synthesis and intake regimes of a human diet and is synthesized

The Transition From Disease Prevention To Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

The Transition From Disease Prevention To Health Promotion Essay Living a healthy lifestyle is the current trend in the United States.   Eating healthy, exercising regularly, and abstaining from behaviors that can be detrimental to our health is promoted everywhere we go.   Still, the statistics for the leading causes of death in the U.S. are shocking.   Especially when we realize that there are steps we can take to lesson our risk of becoming just another statistic. According to â€Å"The National Center for Health Statistics,† the top five, leading causes of death in the United States are:   1. Heart Disease kills 651,696 each year.   2.   Malignant Neoplasms or Cancer kills 559,228 each year.   3.   Cerebrovascular Disease or strokes kills 143,449 each year.   4.   Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease including chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma kills 130,896 each year.   5.   Unintentional injury kills 116,669 each year. (WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Report, 2008) Gender, family history and race are contributing factors that will help determine whether or not we acquire any of these diseases.   A lifetime of unhealthy living is also a contributor. In comparison to the five leading causes of death in the United States, the five leading causes of death in New York State are 1.   Heart Disease kills 51,963 each year.   2. Malignant Neoplasms kills 35,552 each year.   3.   Chronic Low Respiratory Disease kills 6,818 each year.   4.   Cerebrovascular or strokes kill 6,617 each year.   5.   Influenza and Pneumonia kills 5,509 each year.   (WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Report, 2008) Some of the preventive measures that we can take against disease are: abstain from the use of tobacco products, eat a healthy well balanced diet (eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, limited amounts of cholesterol, red meats, sugars and saturated fats), regular exercise (thirty minutes at least three times a week), maintain a healthy weight, limited alcohol consumption, regular cancer screenings, vaccines if applicable and drug therapy if necessary. There are also some less conventional methods of disease prevention.   Many people take vitamin supplements regularly to insure that they are getting enough of the vitamins that they need.   Meditation and other spiritual activities are practiced in order to control the stress in ones life.   Education is also an important prevention measure and it’s never too young to start.  Ã‚   Healthy children are more likely to maintain a healthy lifestyle in adulthood.   Prevention is not a guarantee against diseases, but it can certainly make a difference in our quality of life as well as the length of our life. Works Cited Cancer Trends Progress Report-2007 Update. (2007, December 6). Retrieved September 24, 2008, from National Cancer Institute: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/doc.asp?pid=1did=2007mid=vcolchid=71 Research, M. F. (1998-2008). Heart disease prevention: 5 strategies to keep your heart healthy. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from Revolution Health: http://www.revolutionhealth.com/conditions/heart/coronary-artery-disease/prevention/prevent-heart-disease Stroke. (2003, September 2). Retrieved September 24, 2008, from All Refer: http://health.allrefer.com/health/stroke-info.html Thoenen, E. (2003, September). Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/hsc/pubs/Clrd/CLRD2003.pdf WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Report. (2008, January 23). Retrieved September 24, 2008, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html

The expansion of higher education

The expansion of higher education Analyse the historical development of Higher Education and the role which it plays in society. Compare and contrast recent developments with predecessors. Who were the main stakeholders? The 1900s was the start of the expansion of Britains, universities. University courses offered to students increased and so did the student body. The Universities Grants Committee 1919 administered central government funding of universities. Mass education was provided by universities in 1970 before this it was the territory only for the social elite; it was the 1807 Parochial School Bill that made provision for educating the laboring classes which led to the mass of education. Women attending university also increased greatly, and teaching provisions expanded which included a range of new subjects and specialties on offer. The Butler Education Act 1944 signaled the expansion of secondary education and therefore there was a greater demand for university places. Late 1950s, the higher education sector needed expanding as there was a shortage of university places due to the increasing number of students leaving school with an official qualification, entitling them to a chance to go to university. Classical education was questioned, and policy makers became convinced of the importance of science and technology and recommended the transformation of some technical colleges into universities, becoming institutes of technology, recommended by The Percy Report of 1945. The Barlow Report of 1946 recommended more university places for science students, funded by the state as they believed it would double the annual output of science graduates. In 1956 selected technical and further education (FE) colleges were updated to university status from being just Colleges of Advanced Technology. In mid 1960s most of these became the new universities. In the mid 1960s the chairman, Sir Geoffrey Crowther, of Central Advisory Council, reported that he was to raise the school leaving age to 16 years old, and compulsory part time education up until the age of 18 years old. In doing this it highlighted there was a need for more university places and to expand university facilities, as higher education was a universal provision now, for all with the necessary ability. In 1961, there were less than 15 per cent of applications going to university. Although there was major growth in higher education as the founding of the new institutions were in line with the expansion of existing universities. In 1962 the government outlined a plan to raise student numbers to 150,000, a 40,000 increase over five years, this was through the idea that an increase of funding from  £104 million to  £165 million per year would be given. In 1966, a white paper set out the Labour governments intention to establish polytechnics in England and Wales. Thirty were set up between 1968 and 1973. Courses were to concentrate on those with a vocational emphasis, offer part time and sub degree or full time and sandwich courses. These were run by local education authorities (LEAs). 1973, the Russell Report states that the number of people in adult education has grown by 750,000, so effectively enabling the laboring classes to have the opportunity to go to university showed more graduates, opening up more opportunities. The Education Act 1973 was the act that made the provision that postgraduates were no longer eligible for LEA grants, so this would have the effect that only those who could fund their education would be able to pursue their education further, after the completion of an undergraduate course. The Education Act 1975, extended provisions of the 1962 Act that stated, students at universities or in further education establishments had  £304 available to them in the academic year 1962/63 and  £346 in 1968/69, an increase of about 14 per cent, this student grant would therefore help in resources enabling more individuals to attend university. 1988 Student Support, white paper, proposed top up loans for students, yet the secretary of state education, Mr. Kenneth Barker, states We have the most generous system of student support in the western world, yet fewer of our young people enter higher education than in other European countries. HC Deb 09 November 1988 vol 140 cc307) The top up loan averaging over  £400 in a full year is not means tested like today but helped as it is available to everyone and individuals were allowed to take as much or as little as they want of that  £400. In 1990, Education (student loans) Act established the reduction of student grants as the introduction of top up loans that were available for all higher education students, meaning there would be less free money available and more loans to be paid. In 1991, the Conservative government made polytechnics grant university status. Polytechnics concentrate mainly on applied research; this is solving practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledges sake. Where as universities does strategic research, this being research conducted to produce specific applied programs. The status of polytechnics to be equivalent and the universities means that funding and grants are available and accessible to those students who at polytechnics. The White Paper on Higher Education 1991, recommended expansion of student numbers in higher education. The Prime Minister John Major said the end of the divide between universities and polytechnics would Build on our plans to transform education and training for 16 to 19-year-olds by removing the barriers between the academic and vocational streams. Where as, Marenbon, Medieval philosophy fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge, stated that conservative politicians, as much as Labour ones, believed in the nonsense about making vocational education of equal esteem to academic education. In 1992, Further and Higher Education Act unified the funding of Higher Education under the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCs), which introduced competition for funding between institutions and abolished council for National Academic Awards, which validated degrees outside universities since 1965, was to close and abolish the binary divide, The binary divide being the division of higher education into two sectors, the university sector and the polytechnic sector A study by Mr. Ramsden and Mr. Brown for the Universities UK, longer-term strategy group, shows that New university research income grew from 4.6 per cent to 5.8 per cent of total income in this period. Old universities with medical schools saw this proportion increase from 33.1 per cent to 39.1 per cent. Old universities without medical schools remained stable, the percentage going from 23.1 per cent to 23.3 per cent. This situation would hardly have improved if new universities had remained polytechnics Analysis: Mixed report for class of 92, Claire Sanders, (28 June 2002). The next change in higher education was after a four year gap in 1996, the Student Loans Act extended the provision of student loans, Be it enacted by the Queens most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same Education (Student Loans) Act 1996, CHAPTER 9, [29th April 1996] Dearing Report 1997 was the review of higher education. Higher education colleges as well as Universities educated 2.8 million students in 1996/97 (figure 1); this is less than a quarter of who were from the group which used to be the backbone of the old universities. 64 % of students were mature students perusing a qualification and 37 % part timers. Nearly one million of people enroll with higher education institutions do not to gain a qualification, but to meet a particular skill need (applied research) or fill a gap in their knowledge (strategic research), or just because they wanted to learn. Higher education is a key contributor to national, regional as well as local economic growth and regeneration. Also in 1997/98 statistics show how the United Kingdom attracted 209,000 international students to study in the U.K. (figure 2) In 1998, the Education (student loans) Act transferred the provision of student loans to the private sector this would allow the students to have protection as there would be fixed terms and no loop holes for debts to be recovered until the relevant time. The Regulations also provided new repayment terms for disabled borrowers, which meant they had separate terms from normal students as it would be harder for them to find a job under discrimination possibly. The terms were set at the discretion of the loans administrator. A major change towards the higher education institutions was also in 1998 the Teaching and Higher Education Act established the General Teaching Council (GTC) abolished all student maintenance grants and required students to contribute to tuition fees. Tuition fees paid by all, except the poorest students from 1998/9. Means tested loans/grants meant that about 30% of pupils did not have to pay tuition fees because their income or that of their parents/spouses is not enough. Students that had family incomes of less than about  £35,000 a year paid less, this was 30% of students, and they then had the maximum level for 1998/9 of  £1,000. Maintenance grants given to students towards living expenses with loans from 1999/2000 was replaced by loans, these repayments of loans were at the rate of 9% of a graduates income once it is above  £10,000. This is very similar to the way the students of today 2010 are surviving and also in the same way that the availability of a supplementary hardship loan of  £250 a year but terms of either being a single parent, having a disability, are in their last year and some other similar stories are entitled to this loan, which again has to be paid back. From the above paragraphs discussing the development of higher education from the early 1800 to 2000, I will now explore the most recent changes, developments, and controls of higher education, making notes of the impact of previous legislation, laws and reforms that determined the way of the higher education institutions and universities of today. Higher education today is open to all classes, religions, cultures, sexes, ages and societies as has changed from just the elite group, the upper classes. Nowadays it shouldnt only attempt to engage with students outside the elite circle, of powerful and wealthy parents but also attract those with the opportunity for higher education is denied by reason of funding. This is the process of widening participation; this is different from just opening the doors to university for the lower classes but also individuals from under-represented communities. There are organizations that prepare them for higher education, ensure success on their programme of study, improve their employment prospects and open possibilities for postgraduate study, and give them opportunities to return to learning throughout their lives. The value of higher education argued and there are many tensions between what students want and what staff want, for example, between the vocational and professional on one hand, or the more academic. There are a lot more vocational courses running at colleges and sixth forms, where students complete successfully which qualifies then to go to university if they please, so, nowadays there are courses from sports management to computer games design, all manner of vocational courses are on offer in higher education Andy Sharman, 2006, this is a very big social change. The British schooling system measures pupils achievements by having league tables, even higher education institutions and universities have a benchmark, and this seems to be the means towards higher educational achievement. In the higher education context a benchmark is used to measure a level of performance, resources, or outcome against which an institution or group might be compared too. The majority of Universities of today are competing for a world-class statuses, these statuses are given to the universities and higher education institutions by the contribution of the students perceptions (stakeholders), scholarly citations, research and also availability of facilities and resources. The United Kingdom, to gain first class status of its universities is to convey the impression of high standards in learning, teaching and research quality. So, ask some people question whether children at school are taught he test it can be argued whether lectures teach in the way they do for a sta tus rather then to handout knowledge within a specific topic area.

Escape Mechanisms in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie essa

Escape Mechanisms in The Glass Menagerie In Tennessee Williams’ play, The Glass Menagerie, all four members of the Wingfield family have chosen to hide from reality. Amanda tries to relive her past through Laura, and denies anything she does not want to accept. Laura is terrified of the real world, and choses to hide behind her limp, her glass menagerie and the victrola. Tom hides from his reality by going to the movies, writing poetry, and getting drunk. Mr Wingfield hides from his reality by leaving his family and not contacting them after he has done so. Each member of the Wingfield family has their own escape mechanism which they use to hide or escape from the real world. Amanda has chosen to hide from reality by trying to relive her past. She is living in the unreality of her youthful memories and sees herself as still being as young as Laura when she says to her, ‘No, sister, no, sister – you be the lady this time and I’ll be the darkey’ (p 237). She reminisces about ‘one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain’ (p 237) when she received seventeen gentleman callers, and then tries to relive this through Laura. She arranges for Tom to bring home some nice young man... ...1987. 85-94. Levy, Eric P. "‘Through Soundproof Glass’: The Prison of Self Consciousness in The Glass Menagerie." Modern Drama, 36. December 1993. 529-537. Rasky, Harry. Tennessee Williams: A Portrait in Laughter and Lamentation. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986. Thompson, Judith J. Tennessee Williams’ Plays: Memory, Myth, and Symbol. New York: Peter Lang, 1989. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. In Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995. 1519-1568.

The Worst Words :: Breast Cancer Dying Essays

The Worst Words The sun was shining through the open windows of the crowded, Twinkie-colored bus. The wind was blowing my hair into my face, and I could not wait to see my mommy. There were children yelling because it was Friday and school was out for the week. The excitement of the weekend was on all of the children’s minds. The bus slowed, turned into my mobile home park, and screeched to a stop. I got off the bus and ran into the arms of my mother. I remember her hair smelled like Pert Plus, and she was wearing her favorite perfume, White Shoulders. She would greet me off the bus every day. I loved to see her immediately after a long day of fifth grade. To me this was a normal day. However, to my mother, it was a scary, heartbreaking day. When we got home, she sat me down, looked at me, and said, â€Å"I need to tell you something. I don’t know if you will understand this, but, I have cancer.† Those words stick in my mind like a fly to flypaper. I remember not knowing exactly what she meant but I thought it was bad. I can still see her tears start to stream from her emerald green eyes. I have cancer. Why did my mommy have to have cancer? Whatever it was I knew I did not like it. It made her cry and made me want to fix what God had done to her. A few weeks passed by, full of testing and doctors’ visits. She had to go into the hospital for surgery one day. My dad told me that they were giving her a mastectomy. She was never going to feel adequate ever again. Only one breast will make any woman feel inadequate. I was scared and still did not fully understand what was going on. All I knew was that my mommy was not going to be home for a couple of days. It hurt not having her with me, because she had been there my whole life. My mother went in for a checkup a year after her breast cancer surgery and I went with her and my Grandma. My mother and Grandma were in the office for a couple of hours. I was scared. I read every magazine in the waiting room, waiting for them. The Worst Words :: Breast Cancer Dying Essays The Worst Words The sun was shining through the open windows of the crowded, Twinkie-colored bus. The wind was blowing my hair into my face, and I could not wait to see my mommy. There were children yelling because it was Friday and school was out for the week. The excitement of the weekend was on all of the children’s minds. The bus slowed, turned into my mobile home park, and screeched to a stop. I got off the bus and ran into the arms of my mother. I remember her hair smelled like Pert Plus, and she was wearing her favorite perfume, White Shoulders. She would greet me off the bus every day. I loved to see her immediately after a long day of fifth grade. To me this was a normal day. However, to my mother, it was a scary, heartbreaking day. When we got home, she sat me down, looked at me, and said, â€Å"I need to tell you something. I don’t know if you will understand this, but, I have cancer.† Those words stick in my mind like a fly to flypaper. I remember not knowing exactly what she meant but I thought it was bad. I can still see her tears start to stream from her emerald green eyes. I have cancer. Why did my mommy have to have cancer? Whatever it was I knew I did not like it. It made her cry and made me want to fix what God had done to her. A few weeks passed by, full of testing and doctors’ visits. She had to go into the hospital for surgery one day. My dad told me that they were giving her a mastectomy. She was never going to feel adequate ever again. Only one breast will make any woman feel inadequate. I was scared and still did not fully understand what was going on. All I knew was that my mommy was not going to be home for a couple of days. It hurt not having her with me, because she had been there my whole life. My mother went in for a checkup a year after her breast cancer surgery and I went with her and my Grandma. My mother and Grandma were in the office for a couple of hours. I was scared. I read every magazine in the waiting room, waiting for them.

Gulliver’s Travels Essay

Gulliver’s Travels is not really a children’s book, but it has been seen as a children’s story right from the start: little people, big people, talking horses. It was first published in 1726. At the time that Swift published Gulliver’s Travels, he was dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin. The book, which made fun of the political scene and certain prominent people in England, was published anonymously and was a great success. In each of the three stories in this book, the hero, Lemuel Gulliver, embarks on a voyage, but, as in the Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor on which the stories may in part have been based, some calamity befalls him. First, Gulliver arrives in Lilliput, where he finds himself a giant, held prisoner by tiny men. They are initially afraid of him, but he gradually wins their trust and eventually helps them in their war against Blefuscu. The second land he visits is called Brobdingnag, a land of giants. Gulliver, now a tiny person, has to work as a freak in a show at first but is then rescued by the Queen and has long talks with the King. Gulliver finally ends up in the land of the Houyhnhnms, peaceful horses who have created a perfect society, except for the presence of monkey-like Yahoos. Although Gulliver looks like a well-kempt Yahoo, he wants to be a Houyhnhnm. Finally, he has to leave because he does not fit into this society. Summary of Part I: A Journey to Lilliput Gulliver sets off on the ship Antelope to the South Seas, but strong winds wreck it. Gulliver lands on an island and when he wakes up he finds himself tied to the ground. A large number of little men (no larger than Gulliver’s hands) keep him prisoner and when he tries to break free, they attack him with arrows. Gulliver stays still not to get hurt. Then they bring him food and drink and plan to take him to the king but still tied with strings. He is given a house, an old church, but Gulliver is still tied to the wall of the church. Lilliputians think he is dangerous. Some men attack Gulliver and when the king’s men throw them to Gulliver, he pretends he is going to eat them, but then sets them free. Gulliver is kind, so the king will not kill him, and he teaches Gulliver their language. The king promises to untie Gulliver’s strings if he follows his written rules. Gulliver hands over his belongings: his sword and his guns. Now he can walk again. Gulliver learns about the war between Lilliput and Blefuscu and offers to help the king: he pulls forty large Blefuscu ships to Lilliput. The king is happy, but as he is very ambitious he wants Gulliver to help him kill the Big-enders, enemies of his people, the Little-enders. Gulliver refuses to do so. The people from Blefuscu and Lilliput finally put an end to their war. The king of Blefuscu invites Gulliver to his island. Gulliver finally decides to leave Lilliput and goes to the enemy island. After a short stay at Blefuscu, Gulliver leaves for home. The book begins with a short preamble in which Lemuel Gulliver, in the style of books of the time, gives a brief outline of his life and history before his voyages. He enjoys travelling, although it is that love of travel that is his downfall. During his first voyage, Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and finds himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people, less than 6 inches tall, who are inhabitants of the island country of Lilliput. After giving assurances of his good behaviour, he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favorite of the court. From there, the book follows Gulliver’s observations on the Court of Lilliput. He is also given the permission to roam around the city on a condition that he must not harm their subjects. Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbours, the Blefuscudians, by stealing their fleet. However, he refuses to reduce the island nation of Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput, displeasing the King and the court. Gulliver is charged with treason for, among other â€Å"crimes†, â€Å"making water† in the capital (even though he was putting out a fire and saving countless lives. He is convicted and sentenced to be blinded, but with the assistance of a kind friend, he escapes to Blefuscu. Here he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship, which safely takes him back home. This book of the Travels is a topical political satire. [2] Summary of Part II: Gulliver in Brobdingnag When Gulliver sets off again to the Indies, his shi p is hit by another storm and he is once again marooned on an unknown island: Brobdingnag, land of giants. He lives on a farm and the farmer’s daughter teaches Gulliver their language. The farmer, an ambitious man, makes money by showing Gulliver around the country. Gulliver falls ill. When he is brought before the queen of Brobdingnag she buys Gulliver because she likes him a lot. The farmer’s daughter stays with him. The king shows interest in England’s political system and asks Gulliver questions which embarrass him. He wants to impress the king with his country’s wonders only to discover that in Brobdingnag there is no war and people help each other instead of fighting. His happy stay ends when a huge bird lifts him high into the air then drops him into the sea, but he is soon rescued and on his way back home again. When the sailing ship Adventure is blown off course by storms and forced to put into land for want of fresh water, Gulliver is abandoned by his companions and found by a farmer who is 72 feet (22 m) tall (the scale of Brobdingnag is about 12:1, compared to Lilliput’s 1:12, judging from Gulliver estimating a man’s step being 10 yards (9. 1 m)). He brings Gulliver home and his daughter cares for Gulliver. The farmer treats him as a curiosity and exhibits him for money. Since Gulliver is too small to use their huge chairs, beds, knives and forks, the queen commissions a small house to be built for him so that he can be carried around in it; this is referred to as his ‘travelling box’. Between small adventures such as fighting giant wasps and being carried to the roof by a monkey, he discusses the state of Europe with the King. The King is not happy with Gulliver’s accounts of Europe, especially upon learning of the use of guns and cannons. On a trip to the seaside, his travelling box is seized by a giant eagle which drops Gulliver and his box into the sea, where he is picked up by some sailors, who return him to England. This book compares the truly moral man to the representative man; the latter is clearly shown to be the lesser of the two. Swift, being in Anglican holy orders, was keen to make such comparisons.

Resistance to Change Paper Essay

Introduction Resistance to change comes along quite a bit in all organizations; and individuals are comfortable with what he or she knows. Organizations are constantly struggling with combating resistance to change, and all the while keeping individuals ideas and concerns in mind. In order to make things a little easier Lewin’s theory can be used, to make this transition to change a little easier. There is also organizational and individual resistance, and what major factors can cause resistance to change. Resistance to change can be managed, and how it does solely relies on the organization. Organizations have a lot to cope with on a daily basis, and when changes are made this impacts the company as a whole. Many things can contribute to resistance to change, and listed below are factors organizations face when changes are implemented. Organizational Resistance to Change When it comes to organizational resistance to change this has to be done very carefully. Resistance to change does not only affect just an individual it affects the organization as a whole. Some of the examples of organizational resistance are structural, threats of power, a sinking in costs, special treatments, groups, etc. The structure of the organization is one of the most important things; the structure is the stability, what makes the organization what it is. Power, if an individual or a group feels like their position is being threatened, resistance will be the first thing that happens. Power wars can hurt the memento of work that has been occurring before the changes. Upper management may be a little more resistance when they determine the costs of training; changes happen and learning all again. Special treatments could be given to certain individuals, and the newer individuals are getting tasks, the older staff used to have. An organization has to keep all these in mind when trying to transition organizational change with resistance. There are some individuals that belong to a certain group, and listening to others how the changes are not necessary, so the  individual will be a little more resistant to the changes. Individual Resistance to Change The individual’s resistance to change can be brought on by many different things. One of the challenges faced by an organization is other employees or other individuals not going along with the changes. Some examples of resistance to change can include fears of the unknown, employee relationships, routines, failure of communication, and economical conditions. Fears of the unknown can do an individual in. An individual that is resistant can make it quite difficult when changes do occur. Within an organization, relationships are built, and sometimes when changes occur individuals feel threatened, to the point of feeling their relationships with others will no longer be. Also, the employees that are in a group or working with one individual are normally friends. By moving he or she, this will mess up the routine, and its takes them out of what they are comfortable with. Employees are used to their routines, and when taken out of their comfort zone, he or she can be more resistant to change. Failure of communication can be a big problem. If employees feel there was a blind side, and nothing communicated about these changes, this can backfire. Setting up a meeting with employees can make the transition go a lot easier, and not resistant to these changes. Economical conditions are a factor, and if the employee feels that there is nothing in it for them. Then he or she can be more resistant to change. Employees want to feel that there will be some reward to compensate for the trouble he, or she will be put in to accept the changes. There are a lot of factors for an organization to consider, especially when changes are made. If done properly, an organization can have the proper reactions from employees, and the transition will be a complete success. Also, management needs to listen to any apprehensions, or fears employees may have. There are multiple methods that can be used when changes are taken place; one of the most successful is Lewin’s Theory of Change. Lewin’s Theory of Change Kurt Lewin is best known for the 3-Stage Model of Change. Lewin developed  the 3-Stage Model in the 1950’s and is still used to this day. The three stages are unfreezing, changing and refreezing. â€Å"The model represents a very simple and practical model for understanding the change process (2014).† This model is still used widely and does serve a purpose for multiple modern change models. If an organization follows the 3-Stage Model of Change, the transition of change will be more effective. â€Å"For Lewin, the process of change entails creating the perception that a change is needed, then moving toward the new, desired level of behavior and finally, solidifying that new behavior as the norm (2014).† Unfreezing The first step is unfreezing, for example if there is something frozen in one’s freezer; it needs to be taken out and thawed out. This is what occurs when changes take place. When a change needs to be implemented, the first step is unfreezing. It is common for individuals to resist change, and in order for this to be successful, the unfreezing step is implemented, and to let others be conscious of what is hindering the organization. During the unfreezing step, it is highly important communication is used to make the transition a lot smoother. Also, it is crucial for individuals to realize how important it is to be accepting to the changes and the logic and reason for why this is occurring. Once the individuals in the organization know how imperative and essential the changes the more beneficial it is to them and the company. Changing The second step is changing, for example once something is unfrozen then changes can now take place. â€Å"This changing step, also referred to as ‘transitioning’ or ‘moving,’ is marked by the implementation of the change (2014).† Now that this step is implemented new behaviors, values, attitudes, and ways of thinking are all put into practice. It will be easier for employees to embrace changes the more prepared they are. It is important there is communication, support, education of changes, and time is what is needed for changes to be successful. Change needs to be planned and carried out carefully. With proper support and mentoring the change process should run smoothly, and all involved can transition easily. Refreezing The third step is refreezing; for example, this is the process of  reinforcing the act. This step stabilizes after the change has taken place. If this step is not carried out, this can lead to employees retracting back to the way things were done before the change was implemented. It needs to be carefully planned out to ensure that retraction does not occur, and enforced that this will not happen. The changes also need to be normal and part of the culture of the organization. The success of this can be rewarding to the employees, and organization when the help of the individuals reached goals during the changing process. The leaders can also acknowledge the hard work put into reaching these goals, and embracing the changes. Conclusion Resistance to change occurs quite a bit in any organization. In order for this to be successful, there are certain steps to be taken to ensure the organization embraces the changes. Transition to changes can come easy or be a nightmare to the whole organization. Kurt Lewin’s theory of change has worked for a long time and is still used for modern change models. Changes are key to the growth of the organization, and that of their employees. Using the 3-Stage Model of Change has been a success and has worked for many years. To obtain success, the organization has to embrace the changes, and to work together, not against one another. Resistance to change is a given, it is a fear of the unknown, educating employees are key to how successful an organization will be once it has been implemented. If used correctly Lewin’s Theory of Change should work successfully for any organization. Change is not always easy for some, but if communication, mentoring, and support are all used, then the organization should have complete success. Today, tomorrow, months, and even years from now Lewin’s Theory of Change will still be working for organizations trying to prevent resistance to change. Reference Lewin’s 3-Stage Model of Change: Unfreezing, Changing, Unfreezing. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.education-portal.com/academy/lesson/lewins-three-stage-model